Research Design & Methods: The paper performs a comprehensive review of the cross-cultural leadership literature with a particular focus on the emergence and effects of culturally congruent leadership. The paper identifies gaps and suggests a sequence of steps for future research Quantitative research on emotional intelligence and leadership effectiveness. This manuscript examines the quantitative research methods employed in the study of emotional intelligence (EI) and its relationship to leadership effectiveness. It begins with an overview of the EI construct, discusses leadership more Center for Excellence in Municipal Management. K Street, NW, Suite Washington, DC , fax cemm@blogger.com Defining Leadership: A Review of Past, Present, and Estimated Reading Time: 4 mins
Leadership Research Paper – Free Examples for Every Circumstance | WePapers
This sample leadership research paper features: words approx. Browse other research paper examples for more inspiration, research paper about leadership. If you need a thorough research paper written according to all the academic standards, you can always turn to our experienced writers for help.
This is how your paper can get an A! Feel free to contact our writing service for professional assistance. We offer high-quality assignments for reasonable rates. There are few things more important to human activity than leadership. Most people, regardless of their occupation, education, political or religious beliefs, or cultural orientation, recognize that leadership is a real and vastly consequential phenomenon. Political candidates proclaim it, pundits discuss it, companies value it, and military organizations depend on it.
The League of Nations, created after the World War I, failed to meet the challenges of the times in large part because of a failure to secure effective leadership.
With regard to bad leaders, research paper about leadership, Kellerman makes an important distinction between incompetent leaders and corrupt leaders. Consider the case of Jim Jones, the leader of the Peoples Temple, who in ordered the mass suicide of his followers in what has been called the Jonestown Massacre, or the corrupt leadership of Enron and Arthur Anderson that impoverished thousands of workers and led to the dissolution of a major organization.
These examples remind us that there are many ways in which leadership can fail. When you think of leadership, the ideas of power, authority, and influence may come to mind.
You may think of the actions of effective leaders in accomplishing important goals. You may think of actual people who have been recognized for their leadership capabilities. Dwight D. It is the process by which others are motivated to contribute to the success research paper about leadership the groups of which they are members. Leaders set a direction for their followers and help them to focus their energies on achieving their goals. Theorists have developed many different theories about leadership, and although none of the theories completely explains everything about leadership, research paper about leadership, each has received some scientific support.
Other theories suggest that leadership consists of specific skills and behaviors. Still other theories examine the relationship between the leader and his or her followers as the key to understanding leadership.
In this research paper, we examine these various theories and describe the process of leadership development. Great leaders of the past do seem different from ordinary human beings. When we consider the lives of Gandhi or Martin Luther King, Jr. This trait approach was one of the first perspectives applied to the study of leadership and for many years dominated leadership research. The list of traits associated with effective leadership is extensive and includes personality characteristics such as being outgoing, assertive, and conscientious.
Other traits that have been identified are confidence, integrity, discipline, research paper about leadership, self-sufficiency, humor, and mystery. Another trait often attributed to effective leaders is intelligence. However, intelligence is a two-edged sword, research paper about leadership. Although highly intelligent people may be effective leaders, their followers may feel that large differences in intellectual abilities mean large differences in attitudes, values, and interests.
Finally, personal characteristics such as attractiveness, height, and poise are associated with effective leadership. After decades of research, in which the list of traits grew dramatically, researchers realized that the same person could be effective in one context Winston Churchill as war leader but ineffective in another context Winston Churchill, who was removed from office immediately after the war was over.
The failure of this approach to recognize the importance of the situation in providing clear distinctions between leaders and followers with regard to their traits caused many scientists to turn their attention elsewhere. However, theorists using more sophisticated methodological and conceptual approaches have revived this approach. This approach has three components, research paper about leadership.
First, researchers do not consider traits as separate and distinct contributors to leadership effectiveness but rather as a constellation of characteristics that, taken together, research paper about leadership, make a good leader, research paper about leadership. The second component broadens the concept of trait to refer not only to personality characteristics but also to motives, values, social and problem-solving skills, cognitive abilities, and expertise.
They are the need for achievement, the need for research paper about leadership, and the need for affiliation. The need for achievement is manifested in the desire to solve problems and accomplish tasks. As Hubert H. However, it can provide positive results from the satisfaction a leader derives in helping others succeed.
And because he takes no credit, credit never leaves him. The third component of this new approach focuses on attributes that both are enduring and occur across a variety of situations. For example, there is strong empirical support for the trait approach when traits are organized according to the five-factor model of personality, research paper about leadership. Both extraversion and conscientiousness are highly correlated with leader success and, to a lesser extent, so are openness to experience and the lack of neuroticism.
They define and structure the roles of their subordinates in order to best obtain organizational goals. Task-oriented leaders set standards and objectives, define responsibilities, evaluate employees, and monitor compliance with their directives, research paper about leadership. In the Ohio State studies this was referred to as initiating structure, whereas McGregor refers to it as Research paper about leadership X, and the Managerial Grid calls it task-centered.
Harry S. For these leaders, leadership consists of giving direction, setting goals, and making unilateral decisions. When under pressure, task-oriented leaders become anxious, defensive, and domineering. In contrast, person-oriented leaders tend to act in a warm and supportive manner, showing concern for the well-being of their followers. The Ohio State studies referred to this as consideration, the Managerial Grid calls this country club leadership, and McGregor uses the term Theory Y.
Person-oriented leaders see their followers as responsible, self-controlled, and intrinsically motivated. As a result, they are more likely to consult with others before making decisions, praise the accomplishment of their followers, and be less directive in their supervision. Under pressure, person-oriented leaders tend to withdraw socially. Leadership effectiveness can be gauged in several ways: employee performance, turnover, and dissatisfaction.
As you can see in Table A recent meta-analysis found that person-oriented leadership consistently improves group morale, motivation, and job satisfaction, whereas task-oriented leadership only sometimes improves group performance, depending on the types of groups and situations. In thinking about what leaders do, it is important to distinguish between leadership and management. As you look at the list, it is clear that a person research paper about leadership be a leader without being a manager and be a manager without being a leader.
The Great Person theory of leadership, represented by such theorists as Sigmund Freud, Thomas Carlyle, and Max Weber, suggests that from time to time, highly capable, talented, charismatic figures emerge, captivate a host of followers, and change history. In contrast to this, Hegel, Marx, and Durkheim suggest that there is a tide running in human affairs, defined by history or the economy, and that leaders research paper about leadership those who ride the tide.
The idea of the tide leads us to the role of situational factors in leadership. For example, Perrow suggests that leadership effectiveness is dependent upon structural aspects of the organization. Longitudinal studies of organizational effectiveness provide support for this idea.
Vroom and Jago have identified three distinct roles that situational factors play in leadership effectiveness. First, organizational effectiveness is not strictly a result of good leadership practices.
Situational factors beyond the control of the leader often affect the outcomes of any group effort. Whereas leaders, be they navy admirals or football coaches, receive credit or blame for the activities of their followers, success or failure is often the result of external forces: the actions of others, changing technologies, or environmental conditions. Second, situations shape how leaders act.
Although much of the literature on leadership has focused on individual differences, social psychologists such as Phil Zimbardo, in his classic Stanford Prison Experiment, and Stanley Milgram, in his studies of obedience, have demonstrated how important the situation is in determining behavior.
Third, situations influence the consequences of leader behavior. Although many popular books on leadership provide a checklist of activities in which the leader should engage, most of these lists disregard the impact of the situation.
Vroom and Jago suggest that the importance of the situation is based on three factors: research paper about leadership limited power of many leaders, the fact that applicants for leadership positions go through a uniform screening process that reduces the extent to which they differ from one another, and whatever differences between them still exist will be overwhelmed by situational demands. If all of these factors are present, it is probably true that the individual differences between leaders will not significantly contribute to their effectiveness.
Nevertheless, in most of the situations in which leaders find themselves, they are not that powerless and their effectiveness is mostly a result of matching their skills with the demands of the situation, which brings us to a discussion of contingency theories.
With this in mind, he suggested that leaders need to understand what their style is and to manipulate the situation so that the two match. Fiedler developed the least-preferred coworker LPC scale. On this scale, individuals rate the person with whom they would least want to work on a variety of characteristics.
Individuals who rate their LPC as uniformly negative are considered task oriented, whereas those who differentiate among the characteristics are person oriented. The second part of his contingency research paper about leadership is the favorableness of the situation. Situational favorability is determined by three factors: the extent to which the task facing the group is structured, the legitimate power of the leader, and the relations between the leader and his subordinates.
The relation between LPC scores and group performance is complex, as can be seen in Table In contrast, person-oriented leaders function best in situations that are only moderately favorable, which is often based on the quality of leader-member relations.
Another theory that addresses the relation between leadership style and the situation is path-goal theory House, Thus, leaders must exhibit different behaviors to research paper about leadership different goals, depending on the situation.
Four different styles of behavior are described:. According to path-goal theory, effective leaders need all four of these styles because each one produces different results. Which style to use depends on two types of situational factors: subordinate characteristics, including ability, locus of control, and authoritarianism; and environmental characteristics, including the nature of the task, work group, and authority system.
According to House and Mitchellwhen style and situation are properly matched, there is greater job satisfaction and acceptance of the leader, research paper about leadership, as well as more effort toward obtaining desired goals. A meta-analysis by Indvik is generally supportive of the theory.
Studies of seven organizations found that task-oriented approaches are effective in situations with low task structure, because they help subordinates cope with an ambiguous situation, and ineffective in situations with high task structure, because they appear to be micromanagement.
Additional studies have found that supportive leadership is most effective when subordinates are working on stressful, frustrating, or dissatisfying tasks. Researchers found participative leadership to be most effective when subordinates were engaged in nonrepetitive, ego-involving tasks. Finally, achievement-oriented leadership was most effective when subordinates were engaged in ambiguous, nonrepetitive tasks.
A clear implication of the theory is that leaders must diagnose the situation before adopting a particular leadership style. This approach examines the extent to which leaders should involve their subordinates in decision-making processes, research paper about leadership.
Research 101: Management \u0026 Leadership
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Center for Excellence in Municipal Management. K Street, NW, Suite Washington, DC , fax cemm@blogger.com Defining Leadership: A Review of Past, Present, and Estimated Reading Time: 4 mins Knowledge about leadership accumulated through decades of research into leadership issues seems to suggest that certain leadership characteristics that are useful in one field or culture are likely to be useful in another. If this is in fact the case, then despite significant regional differences, we would in principle be able to Oct 09, · A research paper on leadership 1. A RESEARCH PAPER ON LEADERSHIP: Current Theories, Research and Future Directions -Avolio, Walumbwa, & Weber 2. Content Layout Central idea Research questions Capsulation of research in the form of answers Methodologies adopted Conclusion 3
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